How far are the sources of IceCube neutrinos? Constraints from the diffuse TeV gamma-ray background

The nearly isotropic distribution of the TeV-PeV neutrinos recently detected by IceCube suggests that they come from sources at distance beyond our Galaxy, but how far they are is largely unknown due to lack of any associations with known sources. In this paper, we propose that the cumulative TeV gamma-ray emission accompanying the production of neutrinos can be used to constrain the distance of these neutrino sources, since the opacity of TeV gamma rays due to absorption by the extragalactic background light (EBL) depends on the distance that these TeV gamma rays have travelled. As the diffuse extragalactic TeV background measured by \emph{Fermi} is much weaker than the expected cumulative flux associated with IceCube neutrinos, the majority of IceCube neutrinos, if their sources are transparent to TeV gamma rays, must come from distances larger than the horizon of TeV gamma rays. We find that above 80\% of the IceCube neutrinos should come from sources at redshift $z>0.5$. Thus, the chance for finding nearby sources correlated with IceCube neutrinos would be small. We also find that, to explain the flux of neutrinos under the TeV gamma-ray emission constraint, the redshift evolution of neutrino source density must be at least as fast as the the cosmic star-formation rate.Comment: Accepted by ApJ, some minor changes made, 8 pages, 5 figure

Successful treatment of a large oral verrucous hyperplasia with photodynamic therapy combined with cryotherapy

AbstractStudies have shown that topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) can be used successfully for the treatment of oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH). Studies have also demonstrated that cryotherapy could be used as a treatment modality for OVH lesions. In this case report, we tested the efficacy of topical ALA-PDT, combined with cryogun cryotherapy, for an extensive OVH lesion on the right buccal mucosa of a 65-year-old male areca quid chewer. The tumor was cleared after six treatments of combined topical ALA-PDT and cryogun cryotherapy. No recurrence of the lesion was found after a follow-up period of 18 months. We suggest that our combined treatment protocol may be effective in treating OVH lesions. The treatment course may be slightly shortened with this combined protocol and was well tolerated by the patient

Water use plan

Presented at Competing interests in water resources - searching for consensus: proceedings from the USCID water management conference held on December 5-7, 1996 in Las Vegas, Nevada.Includes bibliographical references.The major function of irrigation is to supplement water to growing crops with the quantities which cannot be sufficed by the nature, in order to ensure food productions. The conventional water use plan for irrigation operation and management is made based on the stance of "supply" which takes into account the amount of irrigation water diverted from water sources, then flowing through various levels of canals, and reaching farms for the needs of normal growth of crops. This concept implies that the supply side dominates the "demand" side; and its adjustment to the fluctuating water sources is much dependent on the operator's experience, in case there are not established irrigation operation criteria to cope with changing water sources. Under such a circumstance, when the system operator are absent, and few appropriate personal are available to replace them, then the conventional irrigation operation mechanism is often discontinued. With an aim to solve the aforesaid implication in irrigation operation, in this paper are examined and probed the following issues, on the basis of irrigation at right time and with proper quantities: 1. Relation between diverted amounts of water (Qs) and farm requirements (Qd); 2. Distinctions between conveyance loss (S) and factor of loss (K); 3. Influence of diverted amount of water (Qs) to irrigation efficiencies (E); 4. Relation between irrigation efficiencies (E) and irrigation time (t). Water use plans for reasonable irrigation operation and then studied and discussed, from the view point of irrigation management

Topological Charge of Noncommutative ADHM Instanton

We analytically calculate the topological charge of the noncommutative ADHM U(N) k-instanton using the Corrigan's identity and find that the result is exactly the instanton number k.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX; typos correcte

Star-forming galaxies as the origin of the IceCube PeV neutrinos

Star-forming galaxies, due to their high star-formation rates and hence large number of supernova remnants therein, are huge reservoirs of cosmic rays (CRs). These CRs collide with gases in the galaxies and produce high-energy neutrinos through $pp$ collisions. In this paper, we calculate the neutrino production efficiency in star-forming galaxies by considering realistic galaxy properties, such as the gas density and galactic wind in star-forming galaxies. To calculate the accumulated neutrino flux, we use the infrared luminosity function of star-forming galaxies obtained by {\em Herschel} PEP/HerMES survey recently. The intensity of CRs producing PeV neutrinos in star-forming galaxies is normalized with the observed CR flux at EeV ({1\,EeV=$10^{18}\,$eV}), assuming that supernova remnants or hypernova remnants in star-forming galaxies can accelerate protons to EeV energies. Our calculations show that the accumulated neutrino emission produced by CRs in star-forming galaxies can account for the flux and spectrum of the sub-PeV/PeV neutrinos under reasonable assumptions on the CR confinement time in these galaxies.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, Accepted by ApJ, Minor changes following referee's comment

Disease universe: Visualisation of population-wide disease-wide associations

We apply a force-directed spring embedding graph layout approach to electronic health records in order to visualise population-wide associations between human disorders as presented in an individual biological organism. The introduced visualisation is implemented on the basis of the Google maps platform and can be found at http://disease-map.net . We argue that the suggested method of visualisation can both validate already known specifics of associations between disorders and identify novel never noticed association patterns.Comment: 4 pages (2 pics) the main paper + 8 pages (3 pics) Supplementary Material

trans-Bis[1-(2-anilino-2-oxoeth­yl)-3-benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl]palladium(II) methanol disolvate

In the title compound, [Pd(C18H16N3O)2]·2CH3OH, the PdII atom is located on a crystallographic inversion center. It has a square-planar coordination geometry, with the two bidentate ligands coordinated in a trans fashion via the carbene C atom and the amido N atoms. The methanol solvent mol­ecules form O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the complex. Additional non-classical inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complexes into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001)

Sensor-AssistedWeighted Average Ensemble Model for Detecting Major Depressive Disorder

The present methods of diagnosing depression are entirely dependent on self-report ratings or clinical interviews. Those traditional methods are subjective, where the individual may or may not be answering genuinely to questions. In this paper, the data has been collected using self-report ratings and also using electronic smartwatches. This study aims to develop a weighted average ensemble machine learning model to predict major depressive disorder (MDD) with superior accuracy. The data has been pre-processed and the essential features have been selected using a correlation-based feature selection method. With the selected features, machine learning approaches such as Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and the proposedWeighted Average Ensemble Model are applied. Further, for assessing the performance of the proposed model, the Area under the Receiver Optimization Characteristic Curves has been used. The results demonstrate that the proposed Weighted Average Ensemble model performs with better accuracy than the Logistic Regression and the Random Forest approaches